[Debian-live-changes] r1004 - in
dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ: . html
Daniel Baumann
daniel at alioth.debian.org
Tue Apr 10 08:43:01 UTC 2007
Author: daniel
Date: 2007-04-10 08:42:57 +0000 (Tue, 10 Apr 2007)
New Revision: 1004
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ 1 ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the
+Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project.
+If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote
+large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that
+some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try
+to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners
+questions will be kept simple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a
+href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 15.2</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating
+system, and numerous packages that run on it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the Internet or from
+elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain source code for
+many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then install them into
+their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be not only
+time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to obtain the
+operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux
+distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the
+software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and
+tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation
+and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free,
+high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of
+applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU
+project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were
+developed by the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
+Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to
+freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to
+distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it
+if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the
+sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's
+developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 18347 software
+packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian
+provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the
+packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium
+membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and
+development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free
+to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public
+License.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 444 software packages (in the
+<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are
+distributable under specific terms included with each package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1950 volunteers constantly contributing
+new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. New releases are planned to
+be made every several months, and the FTP archives are updated daily.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which
+value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable,
+full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased
+compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication
+of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a
+href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux
+distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for
+the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section
+13.3</a> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2>
+
+<p>
+In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was
+originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen
+of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer
+scientists around the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a
+href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU
+project and the Free Software Foundation.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF
+utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the
+POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How
+source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 3.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information about Linux, see Michael K. Johnson's <code><a
+href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET">Linux Information
+Sheet</a></code> and <code><a
+href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ">Meta-FAQ</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and
+Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a
+development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports
+are not officially released yet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel.
+Together they build the base for the GNU operating system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see <code><a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code>
+for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code>
+for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the
+NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code>
+for more information about these non-linux ports.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>Freedom:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian
+Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very
+strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if
+a work is "free" are provided in <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free
+Software</a></code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place
+without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most
+cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today
+have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance
+system is unique and particularly robust (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system,
+Chapter 6</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Open development:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed
+groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that
+is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in
+the same spirit as Linux and other free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More than 1950 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 18347 packages
+and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the
+project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging
+existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating
+bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also
+additional information on how to become a contributor in <a
+href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
+developer?, Section 12.1</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than
+18347 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">10 architectures</a></code>. This is far
+more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development
+software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 4.1</a> for an overview
+of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what
+hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a> for
+a description of the supported hardware platforms.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated
+tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the
+development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal
+style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See
+additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section
+11.4</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian
+Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold
+Debian packages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose
+Debian</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the
+<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in
+particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and
+applications are also a key part of the Debian system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate
+regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that
+we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply
+with that request.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called
+GNU, based on <code><a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working
+with FSF on this system, called <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis
+on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and
+Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some
+ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ 1 ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ 1 ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the
+Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project.
+If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote
+large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that
+some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try
+to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners
+questions will be kept simple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a
+href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 15.2</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating
+system, and numerous packages that run on it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the Internet or from
+elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain source code for
+many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then install them into
+their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be not only
+time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to obtain the
+operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux
+distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the
+software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and
+tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation
+and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free,
+high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of
+applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU
+project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were
+developed by the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
+Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to
+freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to
+distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it
+if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the
+sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's
+developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 18347 software
+packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian
+provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the
+packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium
+membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and
+development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free
+to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public
+License.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 444 software packages (in the
+<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are
+distributable under specific terms included with each package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1950 volunteers constantly contributing
+new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. New releases are planned to
+be made every several months, and the FTP archives are updated daily.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which
+value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable,
+full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased
+compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication
+of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a
+href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux
+distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for
+the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section
+13.3</a> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2>
+
+<p>
+In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was
+originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen
+of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer
+scientists around the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a
+href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU
+project and the Free Software Foundation.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF
+utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the
+POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How
+source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 3.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information about Linux, see Michael K. Johnson's <code><a
+href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET">Linux Information
+Sheet</a></code> and <code><a
+href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ">Meta-FAQ</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and
+Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a
+development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports
+are not officially released yet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel.
+Together they build the base for the GNU operating system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see <code><a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code>
+for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code>
+for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the
+NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code>
+for more information about these non-linux ports.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>Freedom:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian
+Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very
+strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if
+a work is "free" are provided in <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free
+Software</a></code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place
+without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most
+cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today
+have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance
+system is unique and particularly robust (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system,
+Chapter 6</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>Open development:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed
+groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that
+is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in
+the same spirit as Linux and other free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More than 1950 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 18347 packages
+and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the
+project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging
+existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating
+bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also
+additional information on how to become a contributor in <a
+href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
+developer?, Section 12.1</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than
+18347 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">10 architectures</a></code>. This is far
+more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development
+software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 4.1</a> for an overview
+of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what
+hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a> for
+a description of the supported hardware platforms.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated
+tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the
+development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal
+style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See
+additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section
+11.4</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian
+Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold
+Debian packages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose
+Debian</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the
+<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in
+particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
+Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and
+applications are also a key part of the Debian system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate
+regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that
+we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply
+with that request.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called
+GNU, based on <code><a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working
+with FSF on this system, called <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis
+on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and
+Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some
+ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ 1 ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ 3 ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 3 - Compatibility issues
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included
+programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux
+kernel; see the <code><a
+href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux
+FAQ</a></code> for details.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 4.0, contains a complete, binary
+distribution for the following architectures:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>i386</em>: this covers PCs based on Intel and compatible processors,
+including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and
+Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>m68k</em>: this covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor
+for x>=2; with MMU.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including
+CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2;
+<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC
+native) architectures is currently underway.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA
+(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in
+the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an
+effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most
+commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system
+upon which they were built.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a
+href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
+Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the
+rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian
+system and other Linux systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a
+href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a
+specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple
+distributions. Packages for the Debian Etch release must not conflict with
+requirements of the LSB, v1.3. As of this writing, Debian GNU/Linux is not
+formally LSB-certified. However, some Debian derived distributions are.
+Discussion and coordination of efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the
+requirements of the Linux Standard Base is taking place on the <code><a
+href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems.
+It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and
+the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such
+claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software
+development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in
+"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and
+nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for
+source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money
+and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it
+more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance.
+The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official
+conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite.
+(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more
+people will work on POSIX.1 issues.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been
+certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology
+was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in
+Lasermoon's Linux-FT.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different
+package management programs.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from
+a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense
+that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a
+program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on
+Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing
+most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the
+existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
+The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package
+is used to convert between different package formats.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack
+an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized.
+Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will
+have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on
+that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in
+unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian
+package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some
+packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a
+system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that
+subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's
+discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this
+directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal
+individually.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5"></a>3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Just install the required <code>libc5</code> libraries, from the
+<samp>oldlibs</samp> section (containing old packages included for
+compatibility with older applications).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5-compile"></a>3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Install <code>libc5-altdev</code> and <code>altgcc</code> packages (from
+the <samp>oldlibs</samp> section). You can find the appropriate libc5-compiled
+<code>gcc</code> and <code>g++</code> in directory
+<samp>/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin</samp>. Put them in your $PATH variable to get
+<code>make</code> and other programs to execute these first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Be aware that libc5 environment isn't fully supported by our other packages
+anymore.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of
+the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place
+the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might
+extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory
+<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in
+<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>,
+and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory,
+you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the
+appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in
+<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you
+should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian
+system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian
+Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other
+documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp>
+library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp>
+database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling
+programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace
+references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to
+<samp>libncurses</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp>
+library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package
+called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both
+<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this
+package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load
+library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing
+<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2>
+
+<p>
+AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a
+href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?,
+Section 3.8</a> above.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the
+XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under
+XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such
+as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text
+field, and may also exhibit other problems.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ 3 ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ 3 ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 3 - Compatibility issues
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included
+programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux
+kernel; see the <code><a
+href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux
+FAQ</a></code> for details.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 4.0, contains a complete, binary
+distribution for the following architectures:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>i386</em>: this covers PCs based on Intel and compatible processors,
+including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and
+Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>m68k</em>: this covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor
+for x>=2; with MMU.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including
+CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2;
+<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC
+native) architectures is currently underway.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA
+(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in
+the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an
+effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most
+commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system
+upon which they were built.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a
+href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
+Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the
+rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian
+system and other Linux systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a
+href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a
+specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple
+distributions. Packages for the Debian Etch release must not conflict with
+requirements of the LSB, v1.3. As of this writing, Debian GNU/Linux is not
+formally LSB-certified. However, some Debian derived distributions are.
+Discussion and coordination of efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the
+requirements of the Linux Standard Base is taking place on the <code><a
+href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems.
+It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and
+the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such
+claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software
+development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in
+"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and
+nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for
+source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money
+and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it
+more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance.
+The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official
+conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite.
+(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more
+people will work on POSIX.1 issues.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been
+certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology
+was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in
+Lasermoon's Linux-FT.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different
+package management programs.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from
+a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense
+that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a
+program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on
+Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing
+most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the
+existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
+The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package
+is used to convert between different package formats.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack
+an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized.
+Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will
+have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on
+that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in
+unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian
+package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some
+packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a
+system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that
+subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's
+discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this
+directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal
+individually.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5"></a>3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Just install the required <code>libc5</code> libraries, from the
+<samp>oldlibs</samp> section (containing old packages included for
+compatibility with older applications).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5-compile"></a>3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Install <code>libc5-altdev</code> and <code>altgcc</code> packages (from
+the <samp>oldlibs</samp> section). You can find the appropriate libc5-compiled
+<code>gcc</code> and <code>g++</code> in directory
+<samp>/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin</samp>. Put them in your $PATH variable to get
+<code>make</code> and other programs to execute these first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Be aware that libc5 environment isn't fully supported by our other packages
+anymore.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of
+the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place
+the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might
+extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory
+<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in
+<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>,
+and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory,
+you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the
+appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in
+<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you
+should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian
+system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian
+Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other
+documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp>
+library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp>
+database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling
+programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace
+references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to
+<samp>libncurses</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp>
+library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package
+called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both
+<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this
+package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load
+library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing
+<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2>
+
+<p>
+AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a
+href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?,
+Section 3.8</a> above.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the
+XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under
+XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such
+as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text
+field, and may also exhibit other problems.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ 3 ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ 12 ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 12 - Contributing to the Debian Project
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time
+(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support),
+resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new
+testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills
+and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which
+have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new
+packages, and to provide user support.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's
+Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and
+easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is
+desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please
+visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror
+size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts,
+without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change
+occurs which requires human intervention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror
+all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find
+someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact
+<code><a
+href="mailto:debian-admin at lists.debian.org">debian-admin at lists.debian.org</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical
+to the development of the Debian project.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3>
+
+<p>
+Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit
+organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The
+purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use
+the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly
+different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that
+diverges in many technical details from the GNU system planned by FSF. We
+still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes to GNU
+software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+SPI can be reached at: <code><a
+href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>
+At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software
+Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of
+the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler,
+GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on
+the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the
+General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they
+invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system.
+Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+FSF can be reached at: <code><a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ 12 ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ 12 ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 12 - Contributing to the Debian Project
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time
+(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support),
+resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new
+testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills
+and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which
+have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new
+packages, and to provide user support.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's
+Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and
+easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is
+desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please
+visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror
+size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts,
+without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change
+occurs which requires human intervention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror
+all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find
+someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact
+<code><a
+href="mailto:debian-admin at lists.debian.org">debian-admin at lists.debian.org</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2>
+
+<p>
+One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical
+to the development of the Debian project.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3>
+
+<p>
+Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit
+organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The
+purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use
+the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly
+different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that
+diverges in many technical details from the GNU system planned by FSF. We
+still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes to GNU
+software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+SPI can be reached at: <code><a
+href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>
+At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software
+Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of
+the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler,
+GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on
+the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the
+General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they
+invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system.
+Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+FSF can be reached at: <code><a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ 12 ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ 10 ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 10 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a
+system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file
+<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp>
+environment variable. For details, see the manual page
+<code>papersize(5)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined
+groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp>
+group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the
+user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ adduser user group
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit
+<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the
+<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X
+applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked
+as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2>
+
+<p>
+Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>.
+The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is
+<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed
+should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their
+file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file
+systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and
+to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files
+(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too.
+Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system
+administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts
+in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the
+entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V
+compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+0 (halt the system),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+1 (single-user mode),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+6 (reboot the system).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will
+be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are
+just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the
+<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories
+are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any
+runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill
+services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start
+services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in
+which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take
+an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or
+`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These
+scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various
+processes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, with the argument `reload' the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /etc/init.d/sendmail reload
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW,
+Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts
+in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on
+entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator
+should:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to
+set up links between the (command-line-specified) directories rc?.d and
+<samp>/etc/init.d/foo</samp>. Here, '?' is a number from 0 through 6 and
+corresponds to each of the System V runlevels.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Reboot the system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> will set up links between files in the
+directories rc?.d and the script in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. Each link will
+begin with a 'S' or a 'K', followed by a number, followed by the name of the
+script. Scripts beginning with 'S' in <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are executed
+when runlevel <samp>N</samp> is entered. Scripts beginning with a 'K' are
+executed when leaving runlevel <samp>N</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at
+boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and installing the links
+with <samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument 'defaults' refers
+to the default runlevels, which are 2 through 5. The argument '19' ensures
+that <samp>foo</samp> is called before any scripts containing numbers 20 or
+larger.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of
+Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration
+files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not
+know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and
+may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group"
+of packages is upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the
+"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and
+the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been
+modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them
+when those packages are upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program
+"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by
+the Debian <code>login</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Do <strong>not</strong>:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply
+overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or
+any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rather, do
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code>
+package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to
+<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Then execute:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ cp login-local /bin/login
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to move your own locally-built program into place.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Execute the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+where:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an
+extension of ".deb") are stored.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is
+usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp>
+for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore
+this for local packages.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the
+<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package
+management system about it by using the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your
+<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a
+program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer
+one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is
+somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same
+system might make a different choice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators
+to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more
+that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency
+requirements without specifying a particular package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a
+system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist
+<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or
+<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by
+having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the
+virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is
+determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name
+<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g.,
+<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program;
+normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as
+well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of
+ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as
+a system default.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --display x-window-manager
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you want to change it, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --config x-window-manager
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to
+the entry you'd like better).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file
+a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local
+directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You
+can update the link through command line options, like this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \
+ x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to
+/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument
+is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth
+argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably
+get picked automatically).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To remove an alternative you added, simply run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ 10 ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ 10 ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 10 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a
+system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file
+<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp>
+environment variable. For details, see the manual page
+<code>papersize(5)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined
+groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp>
+group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the
+user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ adduser user group
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit
+<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the
+<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X
+applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked
+as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2>
+
+<p>
+Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>.
+The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is
+<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed
+should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their
+file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file
+systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and
+to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files
+(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too.
+Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system
+administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts
+in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the
+entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V
+compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+0 (halt the system),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+1 (single-user mode),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+6 (reboot the system).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will
+be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are
+just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the
+<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories
+are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in
+<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any
+runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill
+services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start
+services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in
+which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take
+an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or
+`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These
+scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various
+processes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, with the argument `reload' the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /etc/init.d/sendmail reload
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW,
+Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts
+in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on
+entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator
+should:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to
+set up links between the (command-line-specified) directories rc?.d and
+<samp>/etc/init.d/foo</samp>. Here, '?' is a number from 0 through 6 and
+corresponds to each of the System V runlevels.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Reboot the system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> will set up links between files in the
+directories rc?.d and the script in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. Each link will
+begin with a 'S' or a 'K', followed by a number, followed by the name of the
+script. Scripts beginning with 'S' in <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are executed
+when runlevel <samp>N</samp> is entered. Scripts beginning with a 'K' are
+executed when leaving runlevel <samp>N</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at
+boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and installing the links
+with <samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument 'defaults' refers
+to the default runlevels, which are 2 through 5. The argument '19' ensures
+that <samp>foo</samp> is called before any scripts containing numbers 20 or
+larger.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of
+Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration
+files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not
+know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and
+may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group"
+of packages is upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the
+"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and
+the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been
+modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them
+when those packages are upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program
+"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by
+the Debian <code>login</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Do <strong>not</strong>:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply
+overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or
+any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rather, do
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code>
+package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to
+<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Then execute:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ cp login-local /bin/login
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to move your own locally-built program into place.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Execute the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+where:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an
+extension of ".deb") are stored.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is
+usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp>
+for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore
+this for local packages.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the
+<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package
+management system about it by using the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your
+<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a
+program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer
+one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is
+somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same
+system might make a different choice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators
+to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more
+that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency
+requirements without specifying a particular package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a
+system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist
+<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or
+<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by
+having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the
+virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is
+determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name
+<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g.,
+<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program;
+normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as
+well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of
+ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as
+a system default.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --display x-window-manager
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you want to change it, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --config x-window-manager
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to
+the entry you'd like better).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file
+a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local
+directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You
+can update the link through command line options, like this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \
+ x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to
+/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument
+is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth
+argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably
+get picked automatically).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To remove an alternative you added, simply run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ 10 ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ 15 ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 15 - General information about the FAQ
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>15.1 Authors</h2>
+
+<p>
+The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray)
+and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan
+G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago
+Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier
+Fernandez-Sanguino.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parts of the information came from:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a
+href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Linux FAQ, by <code><a
+href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists
+Archives</a></code>,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the flaky memories of its authors. :-)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document
+possible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective
+trademark owners.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>15.2 Feedback</h2>
+
+<p>
+Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail
+to <code><a
+href="mailto:doc-debian at packages.debian.org">doc-debian at packages.debian.org</a></code>,
+or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a
+href="http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian">doc-debian</a></code></code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>15.3 Availability</h2>
+
+<p>
+The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF
+formats at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>.
+Also, there are several translations there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in
+<code>doc-debian</code>'s source package, or in CVS at:
+<samp>:pserver:anonymous at cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq</samp>
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>15.4 Document format</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc
+SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of
+formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text,
+TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package
+<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ 15 ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ 15 ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 15 - General information about the FAQ
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>15.1 Authors</h2>
+
+<p>
+The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray)
+and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan
+G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago
+Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier
+Fernandez-Sanguino.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Parts of the information came from:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a
+href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Linux FAQ, by <code><a
+href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists
+Archives</a></code>,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the flaky memories of its authors. :-)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document
+possible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective
+trademark owners.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>15.2 Feedback</h2>
+
+<p>
+Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail
+to <code><a
+href="mailto:doc-debian at packages.debian.org">doc-debian at packages.debian.org</a></code>,
+or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a
+href="http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian">doc-debian</a></code></code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>15.3 Availability</h2>
+
+<p>
+The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF
+formats at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>.
+Also, there are several translations there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in
+<code>doc-debian</code>'s source package, or in CVS at:
+<samp>:pserver:anonymous at cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq</samp>
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>15.4 Document format</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc
+SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of
+formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text,
+TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package
+<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ 15 ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ 5 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of
+several directory trees on each Debian mirror site.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it
+is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and
+pre-releases).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a
+href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are the following supplementary directories:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive,
+compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system
+instructions, etc.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The Maintainers file and the override files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+mostly developer-only materials, such as:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and
+are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from
+here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced
+people.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the
+"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution.
+The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a
+href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section
+5.6.1</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2>
+
+<p>
+They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the
+development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of
+these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if
+a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to
+<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded
+again).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e.
+Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to
+<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable
+distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as
+<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What
+about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3>
+
+<p>
+Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release
+1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x,
+<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1,
+<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0 and
+<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3>
+
+<p>
+So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by
+Pixar.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>woody</em> was the cowboy,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2>
+
+<p>
+<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are
+initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which
+are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order
+to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both
+released and unreleased architectures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated
+motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute
+the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These packages all comply with the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
+Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is
+restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the
+specified copyright requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial
+distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not
+freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly
+negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a
+CD-ROM).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and
+<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that
+is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free
+section.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone
+some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and
+mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have
+fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way,
+we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More information about the status of "testing" in general and the
+individual packages is available at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code>
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3>
+
+<p>
+When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager
+starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure
+that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter
+"testing".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'.
+This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the
+"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug
+fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep
+freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold
+off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole
+release. For details, please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release
+information</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen
+"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released
+with a version number.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes
+obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system.
+Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their
+state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that
+you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but
+if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable',
+separated on the same criteria as in `stable'.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2"
+name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index
+files.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories
+which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer
+architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute
+on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which
+execute on Sun SPARCStations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web
+page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a
+href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does
+Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary
+of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual
+binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top
+level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files
+for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called
+Sources(.gz).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation
+system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named
+<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at
+<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the
+license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code
+be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source
+code accompany the programs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a
+href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>)
+together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve
+the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP
+archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in
+their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more
+information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib"
+and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian
+system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the
+source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section
+(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source
+package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for
+each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were
+generated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like
+<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:'
+line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in
+<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are
+treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in
+<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2>
+
+<p>
+After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the
+"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and
+allowed into the archive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare
+cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a
+href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You
+can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the
+.changes and .dsc files, and then install them.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2>
+
+<p>
+If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install
+using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own
+apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your
+Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project.
+Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian
+Repository HOWTO</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ 5 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ 5 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of
+several directory trees on each Debian mirror site.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it
+is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and
+pre-releases).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a
+href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are the following supplementary directories:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive,
+compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system
+instructions, etc.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The Maintainers file and the override files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+mostly developer-only materials, such as:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and
+are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from
+here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced
+people.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the
+"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution.
+The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a
+href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section
+5.6.1</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2>
+
+<p>
+They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the
+development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of
+these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if
+a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to
+<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded
+again).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e.
+Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to
+<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable
+distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as
+<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What
+about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3>
+
+<p>
+Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release
+1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x,
+<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1,
+<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0 and
+<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3>
+
+<p>
+So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by
+Pixar.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>woody</em> was the cowboy,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)),
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2>
+
+<p>
+<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are
+initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which
+are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order
+to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both
+released and unreleased architectures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated
+motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute
+the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These packages all comply with the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
+Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is
+restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the
+specified copyright requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial
+distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not
+freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly
+negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a
+CD-ROM).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and
+<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that
+is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free
+section.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone
+some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and
+mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have
+fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way,
+we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More information about the status of "testing" in general and the
+individual packages is available at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code>
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3>
+
+<p>
+When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager
+starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure
+that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter
+"testing".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'.
+This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the
+"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug
+fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep
+freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold
+off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole
+release. For details, please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release
+information</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen
+"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released
+with a version number.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes
+obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system.
+Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their
+state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that
+you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but
+if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable',
+separated on the same criteria as in `stable'.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2"
+name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index
+files.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories
+which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer
+architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute
+on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which
+execute on Sun SPARCStations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web
+page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a
+href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does
+Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary
+of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual
+binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top
+level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files
+for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called
+Sources(.gz).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation
+system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named
+<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at
+<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the
+license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code
+be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source
+code accompany the programs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a
+href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>)
+together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve
+the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP
+archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in
+their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more
+information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib"
+and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian
+system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the
+source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section
+(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source
+package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for
+each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were
+generated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like
+<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:'
+line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in
+<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are
+treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in
+<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2>
+
+<p>
+After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the
+"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and
+allowed into the archive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare
+cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a
+href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You
+can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the
+.changes and .dsc files, and then install them.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2>
+
+<p>
+If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install
+using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own
+apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your
+Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project.
+Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian
+Repository HOWTO</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ 5 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ 2 ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux
+Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting
+and installing Debian GNU/Linux here.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>release 4.0, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or
+usability fixes are incorporated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>the `testing' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed;
+they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for
+release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not
+more often than `unstable'.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously.
+You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site
+and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the
+system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called
+`<strong>unstable</strong>'!
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian
+distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?, Section 5.2</a>
+for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is
+released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only
+packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release
+will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a
+href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security
+vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the
+stable release without going through normal point release procedure.
+Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the
+software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the
+version of the software distributed in `stable' instead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information related to security support please read the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian
+Security Manual</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from
+one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian
+mirrors</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The installation system files are separated in subdirectories of
+<code>dists/stable/main</code> directory, and the names of these subdirectories
+correspond to your architecture like this: <samp>disks-<var>arch</var></samp>
+(<var>arch</var> is "i386", "sparc", etc, check the site
+for an exact list). In each of these architecture subdirectories there can be
+several directories, each for a version of the installation system, and the
+currently used one is in the `current' directory (that's a symbolic link).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the <code>README.txt</code> file in that directory for further
+instructions.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Linux supports the ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system with Rock Ridge extensions
+(formerly known as "High Sierra"). Several <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/">vendors</a></code> provide Debian
+GNU/Linux in this format.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Warning: When installing from CD-ROM, it is usually not a good idea to choose
+dselect's <samp>cdrom</samp> access method. This method is usually very slow.
+The <samp>mountable</samp> and <samp>apt</samp> methods, for example, are much
+better for installing from CD-ROM (see <a
+href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">dpkg-mountable, Section 8.2.5</a>
+and <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom, Section
+8.2.2</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2>
+
+<p>
+Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /dists/frozen -> sarge/
+ /dists/stable -> sarge/
+ /dists/testing -> sarge/
+ /dists/unstable -> sarge/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...]
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is
+`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in
+<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This
+information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Read <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code>
+to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdimages"></a>2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. To make it easier for CD vendors to provide high quality disks, we
+provide the <code><a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/">Official CD
+images</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-floppy"></a>2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</h2>
+
+<p>
+First of all, a warning: whole Debian GNU/Linux is way too large to be
+installed from media as small as a standard 1.44MB floppy disk - you may not
+find installing from floppies a very pleasant experience.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copy the Debian packages onto formatted floppy disks. Either a DOS, the native
+Linux "ext2", or the "minix" format will do; one just has
+to use a mount command appropriate to the floppy being used.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Using floppy disks has these complications:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Short MS-DOS file names: If you are trying to place Debian package files onto
+MS-DOS formatted disks, you will find that their names are generally too long,
+and do not conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 filename limitation. To overcome this,
+you would have to use VFAT formatted disks, since VFAT supports longer file
+names.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Large file sizes: Some packages are larger than 1.44 MBytes, and will not fit
+onto a single floppy disk. To solve this problem, use the dpkg-split tool (see
+<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split">dpkg-split, Section 7.1.5.2</a>),
+available in the <samp>tools</samp> directory on <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian mirrors</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You must have support in the kernel for floppy disks in order to read and write
+to floppy disk; most kernels come with floppy drive support included in them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To mount a floppy disk under the mount point <samp>/floppy</samp> (a directory
+which should have been created during installation), use:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an MS-DOS file system,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive B: and has an MS-DOS file system,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an ext2 (i.e., a normal Linux) file
+system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can
+download from our FTP site and its mirrors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install
+the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information
+please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable
+diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of
+Debian over the network. For more information, please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst">http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ 2 ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ 2 ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux
+Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting
+and installing Debian GNU/Linux here.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>release 4.0, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or
+usability fixes are incorporated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>the `testing' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed;
+they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for
+release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not
+more often than `unstable'.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously.
+You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site
+and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the
+system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called
+`<strong>unstable</strong>'!
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian
+distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?, Section 5.2</a>
+for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is
+released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only
+packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release
+will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a
+href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security
+vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the
+stable release without going through normal point release procedure.
+Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the
+software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the
+version of the software distributed in `stable' instead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information related to security support please read the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian
+Security Manual</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from
+one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian
+mirrors</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The installation system files are separated in subdirectories of
+<code>dists/stable/main</code> directory, and the names of these subdirectories
+correspond to your architecture like this: <samp>disks-<var>arch</var></samp>
+(<var>arch</var> is "i386", "sparc", etc, check the site
+for an exact list). In each of these architecture subdirectories there can be
+several directories, each for a version of the installation system, and the
+currently used one is in the `current' directory (that's a symbolic link).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the <code>README.txt</code> file in that directory for further
+instructions.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Linux supports the ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system with Rock Ridge extensions
+(formerly known as "High Sierra"). Several <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/">vendors</a></code> provide Debian
+GNU/Linux in this format.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Warning: When installing from CD-ROM, it is usually not a good idea to choose
+dselect's <samp>cdrom</samp> access method. This method is usually very slow.
+The <samp>mountable</samp> and <samp>apt</samp> methods, for example, are much
+better for installing from CD-ROM (see <a
+href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">dpkg-mountable, Section 8.2.5</a>
+and <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom, Section
+8.2.2</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2>
+
+<p>
+Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /dists/frozen -> sarge/
+ /dists/stable -> sarge/
+ /dists/testing -> sarge/
+ /dists/unstable -> sarge/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...]
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is
+`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in
+<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This
+information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Read <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code>
+to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-cdimages"></a>2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. To make it easier for CD vendors to provide high quality disks, we
+provide the <code><a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/">Official CD
+images</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-floppy"></a>2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</h2>
+
+<p>
+First of all, a warning: whole Debian GNU/Linux is way too large to be
+installed from media as small as a standard 1.44MB floppy disk - you may not
+find installing from floppies a very pleasant experience.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copy the Debian packages onto formatted floppy disks. Either a DOS, the native
+Linux "ext2", or the "minix" format will do; one just has
+to use a mount command appropriate to the floppy being used.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Using floppy disks has these complications:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Short MS-DOS file names: If you are trying to place Debian package files onto
+MS-DOS formatted disks, you will find that their names are generally too long,
+and do not conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 filename limitation. To overcome this,
+you would have to use VFAT formatted disks, since VFAT supports longer file
+names.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Large file sizes: Some packages are larger than 1.44 MBytes, and will not fit
+onto a single floppy disk. To solve this problem, use the dpkg-split tool (see
+<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split">dpkg-split, Section 7.1.5.2</a>),
+available in the <samp>tools</samp> directory on <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian mirrors</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You must have support in the kernel for floppy disks in order to read and write
+to floppy disk; most kernels come with floppy drive support included in them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To mount a floppy disk under the mount point <samp>/floppy</samp> (a directory
+which should have been created during installation), use:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an MS-DOS file system,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive B: and has an MS-DOS file system,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre>
+ mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an ext2 (i.e., a normal Linux) file
+system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can
+download from our FTP site and its mirrors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install
+the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information
+please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable
+diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of
+Debian over the network. For more information, please see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst">http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ 2 ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ 9 ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 9 - Debian and the kernel
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most
+recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you
+happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones
+from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing
+the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked
+tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in
+<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add
+<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download
+the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to
+build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian
+<code>kernel-image-<var>version</var></code> package just by running the
+command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ make-kpkg kernel_image
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the
+command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ make-kpkg --help
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or
+the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a
+<code>kernel-source-<var>version</var></code> package is available (where
+<var>version</var> stands for the kernel version).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are
+given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>.
+Briefly, one should:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unpack the kernel sources, and <samp>cd</samp> to the newly created directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Modify the kernel configuration using one of these commands:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make config</samp> (for a text-based interface).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make menuconfig</samp> (for an ncurses-based menu driven interface).
+Note that to use this option, the <code>libncurses5-dev</code> package must be
+installed.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make xconfig</samp> (for an X11 interface). Using this option requires
+that relevant X and Tcl/Tk packages be installed.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Any of the above steps generates a new <samp>.config</samp> in the top-level
+kernel source directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute the command: <samp>make-kpkg -rev Custom.<var>N</var>
+kernel_image</samp>, where <var>N</var> is a revision number assigned by the
+user. The new Debian archive thus formed would have revision
+Custom.<var>N</var>, e.g. <code>kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb</code>
+for the Linux kernel 2.2.14 on i386.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Install the package created.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Run <samp>dpkg --install
+../kernel-image-<var>VVV</var>_Custom.<var>N</var>_i386.deb</samp> to install
+the kernel itself. The installation script will:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+run the boot loader (grub, LILO or some other) if needed,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+install the custom kernel in
+<code>/boot/vmlinuz_<var>VVV</var>-Custom.<var>N</var></code>, and set up
+appropriate symbolic links to the most recent kernel version.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+prompt the user to make a boot floppy. This boot floppy will contain the raw
+kernel only. See <a href="#s-custombootdisk">How can I make a custom boot
+floppy?, Section 9.3</a>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To employ secondary boot loaders such as <code>loadlin</code>, copy this image
+to other locations (e.g. to an <samp>MS-DOS</samp> partition).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2>
+
+<p>
+This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>,
+normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive.
+Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the
+<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies
+whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly
+(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the
+<code>syslinux.cfg</code> file on the floppy). Other scripts in this package
+produce emergency root disks and can even reproduce the base disks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will find more information about this in the
+<code>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</code> file after installing the
+<code>boot-floppies</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script
+(<code>/usr/sbin/modconf</code>) which can be used to customize the
+configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface,
+prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his
+system. The responses are used to customize the file
+<code>/etc/modules.conf</code> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that
+must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in
+<code>/etc/modutils/</code>, and <code>/etc/modules</code> (which lists the
+modules that must be loaded at boot time).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Like the (new) <code>Configure.help</code> files that are now available to
+support the construction of custom kernels, the <code>modconf</code> package
+comes with a series of help files (in <code>/usr/lib/modules_help/</code>)
+which provide detailed information on appropriate arguments for each of the
+modules.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. The <code>kernel-image-<var>NNN</var>.prerm</code> script checks to see
+whether the kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are
+trying to de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages
+using this command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-<var>NNN</var>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(replace <var>NNN</var> with your kernel version and revision number, of
+course)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ 9 ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ 9 ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 9 - Debian and the kernel
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most
+recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you
+happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones
+from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing
+the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked
+tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in
+<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add
+<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download
+the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to
+build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian
+<code>kernel-image-<var>version</var></code> package just by running the
+command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ make-kpkg kernel_image
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the
+command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ make-kpkg --help
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or
+the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a
+<code>kernel-source-<var>version</var></code> package is available (where
+<var>version</var> stands for the kernel version).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are
+given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>.
+Briefly, one should:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unpack the kernel sources, and <samp>cd</samp> to the newly created directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Modify the kernel configuration using one of these commands:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make config</samp> (for a text-based interface).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make menuconfig</samp> (for an ncurses-based menu driven interface).
+Note that to use this option, the <code>libncurses5-dev</code> package must be
+installed.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>make xconfig</samp> (for an X11 interface). Using this option requires
+that relevant X and Tcl/Tk packages be installed.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Any of the above steps generates a new <samp>.config</samp> in the top-level
+kernel source directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute the command: <samp>make-kpkg -rev Custom.<var>N</var>
+kernel_image</samp>, where <var>N</var> is a revision number assigned by the
+user. The new Debian archive thus formed would have revision
+Custom.<var>N</var>, e.g. <code>kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb</code>
+for the Linux kernel 2.2.14 on i386.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Install the package created.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Run <samp>dpkg --install
+../kernel-image-<var>VVV</var>_Custom.<var>N</var>_i386.deb</samp> to install
+the kernel itself. The installation script will:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+run the boot loader (grub, LILO or some other) if needed,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+install the custom kernel in
+<code>/boot/vmlinuz_<var>VVV</var>-Custom.<var>N</var></code>, and set up
+appropriate symbolic links to the most recent kernel version.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+prompt the user to make a boot floppy. This boot floppy will contain the raw
+kernel only. See <a href="#s-custombootdisk">How can I make a custom boot
+floppy?, Section 9.3</a>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To employ secondary boot loaders such as <code>loadlin</code>, copy this image
+to other locations (e.g. to an <samp>MS-DOS</samp> partition).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2>
+
+<p>
+This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>,
+normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive.
+Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the
+<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies
+whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly
+(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the
+<code>syslinux.cfg</code> file on the floppy). Other scripts in this package
+produce emergency root disks and can even reproduce the base disks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will find more information about this in the
+<code>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</code> file after installing the
+<code>boot-floppies</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script
+(<code>/usr/sbin/modconf</code>) which can be used to customize the
+configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface,
+prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his
+system. The responses are used to customize the file
+<code>/etc/modules.conf</code> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that
+must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in
+<code>/etc/modutils/</code>, and <code>/etc/modules</code> (which lists the
+modules that must be loaded at boot time).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Like the (new) <code>Configure.help</code> files that are now available to
+support the construction of custom kernels, the <code>modconf</code> package
+comes with a series of help files (in <code>/usr/lib/modules_help/</code>)
+which provide detailed information on appropriate arguments for each of the
+modules.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. The <code>kernel-image-<var>NNN</var>.prerm</code> script checks to see
+whether the kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are
+trying to de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages
+using this command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-<var>NNN</var>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(replace <var>NNN</var> with your kernel version and revision number, of
+course)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ 9 ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ 14 ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 14 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-security"></a>14.1 Increased security</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian contains support for shadow passwords since release 1.3. In addition,
+the Linux library of Pluggable Authentication Modules (a.k.a. <code><a
+href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">libpam</a></code>;) that
+allows sysadmins to choose authorization modes on an application-specific basis
+is available, and initially set to authenticate via shadow password.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Including full support for additional security enhancements for mandatory
+access control mechanisms such as SElinux, RSBAC and buffer overflow protection
+like Exec-shield or PaX is still in progress.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>14.2 Extended support for non-English users</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
+languages?, Section 4.8</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and
+translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need
+message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly
+internationalized.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Translation Project <code><a
+href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code>
+works on internationalizing the GNU programs.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>14.3 More architectures</h2>
+
+<p>
+Complete Debian system on other architectures such as AMD64 or SuperH is
+expected soon. Notice that even though some architectures are dropped for a
+given the release there still might be a way to install and upgrade using the
+latest <samp>sid</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>14.4 More kernels</h2>
+
+<p>
+In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels,
+namely to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd">NetBSD</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ 14 ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ 14 ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 14 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-security"></a>14.1 Increased security</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian contains support for shadow passwords since release 1.3. In addition,
+the Linux library of Pluggable Authentication Modules (a.k.a. <code><a
+href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">libpam</a></code>;) that
+allows sysadmins to choose authorization modes on an application-specific basis
+is available, and initially set to authenticate via shadow password.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Including full support for additional security enhancements for mandatory
+access control mechanisms such as SElinux, RSBAC and buffer overflow protection
+like Exec-shield or PaX is still in progress.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>14.2 Extended support for non-English users</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
+languages?, Section 4.8</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and
+translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need
+message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly
+internationalized.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Translation Project <code><a
+href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code>
+works on internationalizing the GNU programs.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>14.3 More architectures</h2>
+
+<p>
+Complete Debian system on other architectures such as AMD64 or SuperH is
+expected soon. Notice that even though some architectures are dropped for a
+given the release there still might be a way to install and upgrade using the
+latest <samp>sid</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>14.4 More kernels</h2>
+
+<p>
+In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels,
+namely to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd">NetBSD</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ 14 ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ 6 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of
+related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files,
+man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages
+are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a
+href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section
+6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension.
+Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>;
+details are given in its manual page.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing
+the source package (including the names of the following files), a
+<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in
+gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that
+contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility
+<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are
+provided in its manual page.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies"
+which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies
+are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package.
+For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>)
+"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the
+linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without
+having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system
+(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and
+stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by
+the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a
+href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>,
+<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em>
+or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian's packaging tools can be used to:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a
+limited-size medium such as floppy disks,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid developers in the construction of package archives, and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable
+files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of
+program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a
+filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the
+<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change
+(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use
+<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention:
+<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one
+can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file
+(.deb file) in one of these ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a
+Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package;
+the first field in each stanza is the formal package name.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are
+the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This
+displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive
+file being unpacked.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream
+developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may
+have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified
+by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the
+package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian
+package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian
+Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file
+(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts
+(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the
+Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Package: hello
+ Priority: optional
+ Section: devel
+ Installed-Size: 45
+ Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie at debian.org>
+ Architecture: i386
+ Version: 1.3-16
+ Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1)
+ Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
+ The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
+ allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
+ would otherwise be unavailable to them.
+ .
+ Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
+ It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
+ (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the
+package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not
+necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file
+name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in
+the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as
+explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?,
+Section 6.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was
+compiled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order
+to install this package successfully.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will
+consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to
+show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is
+stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one
+of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What
+are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where
+the package is stored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that
+semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into
+a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a
+href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>,
+<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em>
+package?, Section 6.7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently
+responsible for maintaining this package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see
+the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their
+fields".
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in
+<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when
+the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of
+these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place
+upgrade of packages on a running system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status package
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+And look under "Conffiles:".
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after
+a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of
+these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive
+file.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The individual files are:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>preinst</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian
+archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for
+packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is
+completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>postinst</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically completes any required configuration of the package
+<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian
+archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for
+input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should
+remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants.
+Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart
+a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>prerm</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package.
+It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>postrm</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically modifies links or other files associated with
+<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a
+href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+Currently all of the control files can be found in directory
+<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package
+<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions
+of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file
+<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were
+installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these
+files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution
+maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper
+functioning of the system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must
+not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may
+probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only
+the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough
+functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be
+here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large
+applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including
+a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are
+included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and
+download files from FTP servers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It
+does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python
+interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration),
+Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery
+only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper
+(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation
+that most users will find helpful.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably
+want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized
+requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher
+priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or
+have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for
+"Optional".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority
+<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you
+select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they
+are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package
+management tools will refuse to remove these.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of
+packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both
+the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should
+therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a
+system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to
+provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the
+functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide
+the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is
+installed, then any program depending on the installation of a
+<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this
+virtual package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the
+same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can
+set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is
+<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a
+href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk;
+some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does
+Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which
+are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can
+operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in
+order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B.
+In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense
+that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that
+most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by
+B.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to
+(and usually enhance) the functionality of A.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is
+installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains
+files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are
+often combined with "replaces".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and
+(in some cases) over-written by files in A.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality
+of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with
+constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really
+need.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the
+Policy manual.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2>
+
+<p>
+"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages,
+<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp>
+file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on
+the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
+extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your
+file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the
+existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse
+to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action)
+until the other packages are installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them
+until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to
+"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian
+project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from
+<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em>
+in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade
+situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required
+priority and their LibC dependency.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy
+manual.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as
+indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of
+<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of
+<samp>dpkg</samp>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their meanings are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any
+existing configuration files.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its
+configuration files.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep
+the current version with the current status whatever that is.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with
+dselect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line
+containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ libc6 install
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ libc6 hold
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+With aptitude, you can hold a package using
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude hold package_name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+and remove the hold with
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude unhold package_name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you
+wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes
+will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just
+unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they
+produce.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can
+obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's
+<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src"
+lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get source foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package
+provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source
+package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build
+their package. To see how this is useful, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get build-dep foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+before building the source.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the
+source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to
+Debian).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?,
+Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the
+following command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into
+<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code>
+package), and then
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to install the newly-built package(s).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide,
+available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ 6 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+<html>
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+<head>
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+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ 6 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of
+related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files,
+man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages
+are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a
+href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section
+6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension.
+Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>;
+details are given in its manual page.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing
+the source package (including the names of the following files), a
+<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in
+gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that
+contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility
+<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are
+provided in its manual page.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies"
+which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies
+are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package.
+For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>)
+"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the
+linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without
+having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system
+(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and
+stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by
+the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a
+href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>,
+<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em>
+or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian's packaging tools can be used to:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a
+limited-size medium such as floppy disks,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid developers in the construction of package archives, and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable
+files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of
+program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a
+filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the
+<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change
+(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use
+<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention:
+<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one
+can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file
+(.deb file) in one of these ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a
+Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package;
+the first field in each stanza is the formal package name.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are
+the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This
+displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive
+file being unpacked.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream
+developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may
+have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified
+by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the
+package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian
+package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian
+Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file
+(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts
+(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the
+Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a
+href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
+for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Package: hello
+ Priority: optional
+ Section: devel
+ Installed-Size: 45
+ Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie at debian.org>
+ Architecture: i386
+ Version: 1.3-16
+ Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1)
+ Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
+ The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
+ allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
+ would otherwise be unavailable to them.
+ .
+ Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
+ It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
+ (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the
+package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not
+necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file
+name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in
+the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as
+explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?,
+Section 6.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was
+compiled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order
+to install this package successfully.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will
+consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to
+show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is
+stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one
+of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What
+are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where
+the package is stored.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that
+semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into
+a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a
+href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>,
+<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em>
+package?, Section 6.7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently
+responsible for maintaining this package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see
+the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their
+fields".
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in
+<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when
+the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of
+these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place
+upgrade of packages on a running system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status package
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+And look under "Conffiles:".
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after
+a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of
+these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive
+file.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The individual files are:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>preinst</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian
+archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for
+packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is
+completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>postinst</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically completes any required configuration of the package
+<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian
+archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for
+input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should
+remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants.
+Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart
+a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>prerm</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package.
+It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>postrm</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This script typically modifies links or other files associated with
+<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a
+href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+Currently all of the control files can be found in directory
+<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package
+<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions
+of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file
+<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were
+installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these
+files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution
+maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper
+functioning of the system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must
+not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may
+probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only
+the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough
+functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be
+here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large
+applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including
+a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are
+included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and
+download files from FTP servers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It
+does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python
+interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration),
+Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery
+only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper
+(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation
+that most users will find helpful.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably
+want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized
+requirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher
+priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or
+have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for
+"Optional".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority
+<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you
+select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they
+are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package
+management tools will refuse to remove these.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of
+packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both
+the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should
+therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a
+system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to
+provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the
+functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide
+the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is
+installed, then any program depending on the installation of a
+<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this
+virtual package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the
+same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can
+set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is
+<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a
+href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk;
+some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does
+Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which
+are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can
+operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in
+order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B.
+In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense
+that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that
+most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by
+B.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to
+(and usually enhance) the functionality of A.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is
+installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains
+files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are
+often combined with "replaces".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and
+(in some cases) over-written by files in A.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality
+of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with
+constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really
+need.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the
+Policy manual.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2>
+
+<p>
+"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages,
+<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp>
+file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on
+the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
+extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your
+file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the
+existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse
+to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action)
+until the other packages are installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them
+until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to
+"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian
+project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from
+<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em>
+in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade
+situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required
+priority and their LibC dependency.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy
+manual.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2>
+
+<p>
+These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as
+indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of
+<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of
+<samp>dpkg</samp>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Their meanings are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any
+existing configuration files.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its
+configuration files.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep
+the current version with the current status whatever that is.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with
+dselect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line
+containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ libc6 install
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ libc6 hold
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+With aptitude, you can hold a package using
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude hold package_name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+and remove the hold with
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude unhold package_name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you
+wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes
+will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just
+unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they
+produce.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can
+obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's
+<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src"
+lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get source foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package
+provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source
+package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build
+their package. To see how this is useful, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get build-dep foo
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+before building the source.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the
+source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to
+Debian).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?,
+Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the
+following command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into
+<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code>
+package), and then
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to install the newly-built package(s).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide,
+available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ 6 ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ 7 ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 7 - The Debian package management tools
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic
+or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All
+the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are
+presented here in decreasing complexity level.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools
+such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code>
+which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the
+system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT
+HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management
+utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO
+entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>7.1.1 dpkg</h3>
+
+<p>
+This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked
+with many options. Some common uses are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package:
+<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of
+the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard
+disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation
+does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files
+may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any
+already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
+prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure
+foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
+prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package.
+It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this
+package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package
+name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g.,
+foo_VVV-RRR.deb).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named
+"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile
+foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove
+foo</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge
+foo</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular
+expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>7.1.2 APT</h3>
+
+<p>
+APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code>
+program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install
+packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike
+<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it
+works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a
+source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code>
+will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a
+href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] from the configured sources.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To update the list of package known by your system, you can run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To upgrade all the packages on your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get upgrade
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get install foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To remove the foo package from your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get remove foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get --purge remove foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To upgrade all the packages on your system to a new Debian GNU/Linux release,
+run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the
+system packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the
+package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific
+functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through
+queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to
+use <code>apt-cache</code> are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache search <var>word</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print the detailed information of a package:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache show <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print the packages a given package depends on:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache depends <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the
+packages that reverse-depends on it:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read
+<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the
+<code>apt-doc</code> package and read
+<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>7.1.3 aptitude</h3>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that
+provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure.
+<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it
+can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and
+<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either
+program:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by
+listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching
+particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with
+<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the
+inspiration for the expression syntax.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to
+dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them
+are removed from the system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em>
+packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>].
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality
+embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and
+ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative
+privileges
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run
+<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line
+syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For
+example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude
+install <var>foo</var></samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended program by Debian to install
+a package and/or to upgrade your system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and
+install the <code>aptitude-doc-en</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dselect"></a>7.1.4 dselect</h3>
+
+<p>
+This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management
+system. It is particularly useful for first-time installations. Some users
+might feel more comfortable using <code>aptitude</code> which is also
+recommended over <code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more
+information on <code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude,
+Section 7.1.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>dselect</code> can:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring
+that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all
+packages required to make each package work properly are installed;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+determine the order in which the packages must be installed;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+automatically perform the installation or removal; and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each
+package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each
+of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using
+the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the
+<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any
+option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then
+<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g.,
+if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed
+to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the
+<samp>Select</samp> action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item
+lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split
+screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom
+screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen
+at any time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code>
+menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose
+<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the
+main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what
+one wants to do).
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by
+which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian
+packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous
+FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after
+<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not
+be invoked again.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this,
+<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be
+included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be
+installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer
+to make it for you.)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system.
+After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen
+of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user
+exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to
+install (or remove).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of
+Debian's 18347 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of
+the package or group of packages which are highlighted above.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package
+name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select
+packages:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be installed:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be deleted:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Packages can be deleted two ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but
+preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section
+6.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the
+`-' key.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is
+done by pressing the `_' key.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try
+that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base
+packages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not
+to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is
+not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are
+using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and
+acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by
+pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be
+upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using
+the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The
+default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority,
+packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the
+archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in
+section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B,
+followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using
+the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit
+onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll
+back to the left, press the left arrow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g.,
+<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another
+package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the
+you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among
+the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or
+rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former,
+press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the
+main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu
+item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users
+wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any
+point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are
+preserved by <code>dselect</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>7.1.5 Other package management tools</h3>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>7.1.5.1 dpkg-deb</h4>
+
+<p>
+This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common
+uses are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb
+--contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified
+directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of
+the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>.
+This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized
+directory, without installing the package into the root file system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb
+--extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg
+--install</samp> instead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>7.1.5.2 dpkg-split</h4>
+
+<p>
+This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a
+set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back
+into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system
+containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program
+<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component
+records.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts,
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce
+N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Copy those N files to floppy disks.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the
+other machine.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join
+"foo*"</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files
+even while they're being used.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used
+to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the kernel runlevel is
+changed (e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is
+used by installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is
+installed, to stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute
+the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --list
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status
+symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is
+<em>installed</em>, and a brief description.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern
+beginning with "foo" by executing the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --list 'foo*'
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status packagename
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2>
+
+<p>
+To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute
+either:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is
+(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension
+of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and
+adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and
+diversions.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their
+full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH
+represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories
+(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under
+<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to
+the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user
+might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the
+package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will
+find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar to the above, it searches files which contain the substring or regular
+expression <samp>foo</samp> in their full path names. The advantage over the
+sample above is that there is no need to retrieve the
+<samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this automatically for all
+the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> when you run (as
+root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Some packages that are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data'). This is
+true for many games, multimedia applications and dictionaries in Debian and has
+been introduced since some users might want to access the raw data without
+installing the program or because the program can be run without the data
+itself, making it optional.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get
+installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the
+application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system.
+Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but
+upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is
+upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the
+`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management
+tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to
+avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a
+href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>) as your package management tool
+it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when
+no packages remain that need them in your system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ 7 ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ 7 ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 7 - The Debian package management tools
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic
+or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All
+the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are
+presented here in decreasing complexity level.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools
+such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code>
+which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the
+system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT
+HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management
+utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO
+entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>7.1.1 dpkg</h3>
+
+<p>
+This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked
+with many options. Some common uses are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package:
+<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of
+the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard
+disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation
+does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files
+may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any
+already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
+prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure
+foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
+prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package.
+It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this
+package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package
+name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g.,
+foo_VVV-RRR.deb).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named
+"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile
+foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove
+foo</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge
+foo</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular
+expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>7.1.2 APT</h3>
+
+<p>
+APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code>
+program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install
+packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike
+<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it
+works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a
+source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code>
+will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a
+href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] from the configured sources.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To update the list of package known by your system, you can run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To upgrade all the packages on your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get upgrade
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get install foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To remove the foo package from your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get remove foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get --purge remove foo
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To upgrade all the packages on your system to a new Debian GNU/Linux release,
+run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the
+system packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the
+package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific
+functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through
+queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to
+use <code>apt-cache</code> are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache search <var>word</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print the detailed information of a package:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache show <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print the packages a given package depends on:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache depends <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the
+packages that reverse-depends on it:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var>
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read
+<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the
+<code>apt-doc</code> package and read
+<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>7.1.3 aptitude</h3>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that
+provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure.
+<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it
+can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and
+<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either
+program:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by
+listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages".
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching
+particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with
+<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the
+inspiration for the expression syntax.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to
+dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them
+are removed from the system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em>
+packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>].
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality
+embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and
+ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative
+privileges
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run
+<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line
+syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For
+example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude
+install <var>foo</var></samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended program by Debian to install
+a package and/or to upgrade your system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and
+install the <code>aptitude-doc-en</code> package.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dselect"></a>7.1.4 dselect</h3>
+
+<p>
+This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management
+system. It is particularly useful for first-time installations. Some users
+might feel more comfortable using <code>aptitude</code> which is also
+recommended over <code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more
+information on <code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude,
+Section 7.1.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>dselect</code> can:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring
+that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all
+packages required to make each package work properly are installed;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+determine the order in which the packages must be installed;
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+automatically perform the installation or removal; and
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each
+package.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each
+of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using
+the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the
+<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any
+option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then
+<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g.,
+if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed
+to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the
+<samp>Select</samp> action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item
+lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split
+screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom
+screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen
+at any time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code>
+menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose
+<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the
+main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what
+one wants to do).
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by
+which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian
+packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous
+FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after
+<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not
+be invoked again.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this,
+<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be
+included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be
+installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer
+to make it for you.)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system.
+After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen
+of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user
+exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to
+install (or remove).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of
+Debian's 18347 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of
+the package or group of packages which are highlighted above.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package
+name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select
+packages:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be installed:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be deleted:</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Packages can be deleted two ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but
+preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section
+6.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the
+`-' key.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is
+done by pressing the `_' key.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try
+that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base
+packages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not
+to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is
+not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are
+using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and
+acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by
+pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be
+upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>
+You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using
+the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The
+default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority,
+packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the
+archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in
+section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B,
+followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using
+the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit
+onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll
+back to the left, press the left arrow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g.,
+<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another
+package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the
+you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among
+the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or
+rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former,
+press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the
+main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu
+item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users
+wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any
+point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are
+preserved by <code>dselect</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>7.1.5 Other package management tools</h3>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>7.1.5.1 dpkg-deb</h4>
+
+<p>
+This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common
+uses are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb
+--contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>)
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified
+directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of
+the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>.
+This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized
+directory, without installing the package into the root file system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb
+--extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg
+--install</samp> instead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>7.1.5.2 dpkg-split</h4>
+
+<p>
+This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a
+set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back
+into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system
+containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program
+<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component
+records.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts,
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce
+N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Copy those N files to floppy disks.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the
+other machine.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join
+"foo*"</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2>
+
+<p>
+The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files
+even while they're being used.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used
+to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the kernel runlevel is
+changed (e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is
+used by installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is
+installed, to stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute
+the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --list
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status
+symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is
+<em>installed</em>, and a brief description.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern
+beginning with "foo" by executing the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --list 'foo*'
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status packagename
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2>
+
+<p>
+To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute
+either:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is
+(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension
+of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and
+adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and
+diversions.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their
+full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH
+represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories
+(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under
+<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to
+the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user
+might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the
+package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will
+find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar to the above, it searches files which contain the substring or regular
+expression <samp>foo</samp> in their full path names. The advantage over the
+sample above is that there is no need to retrieve the
+<samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this automatically for all
+the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> when you run (as
+root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Some packages that are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data'). This is
+true for many games, multimedia applications and dictionaries in Debian and has
+been introduced since some users might want to access the raw data without
+installing the program or because the program can be run without the data
+itself, making it optional.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get
+installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the
+application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system.
+Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but
+upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is
+upgraded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the
+`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management
+tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to
+avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a
+href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>) as your package management tool
+it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when
+no packages remain that need them in your system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ 7 ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ 13 ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 13 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have
+<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test
+ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers
+must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the
+programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their
+source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software,
+and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from
+manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a
+non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed
+in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements
+with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also
+distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD.
+This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same
+CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to
+release the programs they write as free software.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation
+with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the
+<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian
+Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a
+href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One person is building a "Linux for Hams" distribution, with
+specialized programs for Radio Amateurs. He is starting with Debian as the
+"base system", and adding programs to control the transmitter, track
+satellites, etc. All of the programs he adds are packaged with the Debian
+packaging system so that his users will be able to upgrade easily when he
+releases subsequent CDs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market,
+such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a
+different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most
+of our components in their product.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators
+to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be
+overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the
+question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file
+installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?,
+Section 10.8</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not
+be free software, it can install them all.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ 13 ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ 13 ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 13 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have
+<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test
+ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers
+must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the
+programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their
+source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software,
+and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from
+manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a
+non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed
+in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements
+with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also
+distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD.
+This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same
+CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to
+release the programs they write as free software.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation
+with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the
+<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian
+Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a
+href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One person is building a "Linux for Hams" distribution, with
+specialized programs for Radio Amateurs. He is starting with Debian as the
+"base system", and adding programs to control the transmitter, track
+satellites, etc. All of the programs he adds are packaged with the Debian
+packaging system so that his users will be able to upgrade easily when he
+releases subsequent CDs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market,
+such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a
+different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most
+of our components in their product.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators
+to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be
+overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the
+question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file
+installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?,
+Section 10.8</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not
+be free software, it can install them all.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ 13 ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ 4 ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 4 - Software available in the Debian system
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and
+text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and
+numerous upgraded Unix utilities,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for
+each of them,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the X Window System, which provides a networked graphical user interface for
+Linux, and countless X applications including GNOME and KDE as well as the GIMP
+GNU Image Manipulation Program,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet
+protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and name
+server; relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are web
+browsers including the various Mozilla producs,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org
+productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors,
+calendars.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+More than 18138 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound
+support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing
+programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even
+ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 444 software
+suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian
+due to license restrictions.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>4.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the
+file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be
+substituted with the package's name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system
+are listed in the Debian control file (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?,
+Section 6.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in
+<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people
+who've worked on the Debian packaging too.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A complete list is available from any of the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the
+file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names
+and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian
+packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about
+twenty "sections" of the Debian archive.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective
+Packages list</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more details about adding the missing things, see <a
+href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
+developer?, Section 12.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar)
+are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named
+libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and
+X is a whole number).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-java"></a>4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Several <em>free</em> implementations of Java technology are available as
+Debian packages, providing both Java Development Kits as well as Runtime
+Environments. You can write, debug and run Java programs using Debian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize
+and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or
+Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please refer to the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java
+FAQ</a></code> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2>
+
+<p>
+In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian
+base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file,
+which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the
+release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to
+install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to
+many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable
+method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts,
+each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian
+"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are
+separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of
+package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To
+view versions of all installed packages, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -l
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+For a more verbose description, use:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status foo
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards,
+and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and
+modify the tables.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII
+characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and
+a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-,
+Italian-, Japanese-, Korean- and Polish-language manual pages is provided
+through the <samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter
+ISO country code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell
+LC_MESSAGES variable to the appropriate string.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES
+needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search
+for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-usexports"></a>4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</h2>
+
+<p>
+US laws placed restrictions on the export of defense articles, which includes
+some types of cryptographic software. PGP and ssh, among others, fall into
+this category. For the <em>sarge</em> release packages in this archive were
+moved to the main archive (or to <em>non-free</em>, if applicable) due to the
+US relaxing its regulations on the export of cryptography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To prevent anyone from taking unnecessary legal risks, certain Debian GNU/Linux
+packages were only available from a non-US site <code><a
+href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/</a></code>,
+with numerous mirror sites all of which are also outside of the US, see
+<code><a
+href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US</a></code>
+for a full list. These sites still exist (for the benefit of users of
+<em>woody</em>) but its contents are no longer supported and are considered
+obsolete. Please remove any mentions to non-US from your sources in your
+<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> configuration file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>4.10 Where is pine?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since
+license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to
+compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the
+<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to
+upgrade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as
+<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Dan J. Bernstein distributes <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all
+software he has written</a></code> with a restrictive license, consequently,
+it's in the non-free area. Since the license he uses does not allow modified
+binaries to be distributed, you have to compile it yourself from the source and
+the Debian patches to obtain a binary package you can install in your Debian
+GNU/Linux system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source package names are <code>qmail-src</code>, <code>ezmlm-src</code> and
+<code>djbdns-installer</code>, respectively.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For <code>qmail</code> you need to install <code>qmail-src</code> first and
+then run <code>build-qmail</code> to build the Debian package. You also need
+to do install the <code>ucspi-tcp-src</code> package to get ucspi-tcp, which
+<code>qmail</code> depends on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan J. Bernstein maintains a <code><a
+href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from distributors</a></code> page
+if you are interested in reading his reasons (one of which is <code><a
+href="http://cr.yp.to/compatibility.html">Cross-platform
+compatibility</a></code>)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ 4 ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ 4 ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 4 - Software available in the Debian system
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and
+text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and
+numerous upgraded Unix utilities,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for
+each of them,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+the X Window System, which provides a networked graphical user interface for
+Linux, and countless X applications including GNOME and KDE as well as the GIMP
+GNU Image Manipulation Program,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet
+protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and name
+server; relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are web
+browsers including the various Mozilla producs,
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org
+productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors,
+calendars.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+More than 18138 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound
+support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing
+programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even
+ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 444 software
+suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian
+due to license restrictions.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>4.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2>
+
+<p>
+For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the
+file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be
+substituted with the package's name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system
+are listed in the Debian control file (see <a
+href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?,
+Section 6.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in
+<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people
+who've worked on the Debian packaging too.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A complete list is available from any of the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the
+file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names
+and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian
+packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about
+twenty "sections" of the Debian archive.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective
+Packages list</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For more details about adding the missing things, see <a
+href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
+developer?, Section 12.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar)
+are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named
+libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and
+X is a whole number).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-java"></a>4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Several <em>free</em> implementations of Java technology are available as
+Debian packages, providing both Java Development Kits as well as Runtime
+Environments. You can write, debug and run Java programs using Debian.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize
+and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or
+Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please refer to the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java
+FAQ</a></code> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2>
+
+<p>
+In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian
+base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file,
+which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the
+release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to
+install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to
+many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable
+method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts,
+each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian
+"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are
+separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of
+package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To
+view versions of all installed packages, run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -l
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+For a more verbose description, use:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg --status foo
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards,
+and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and
+modify the tables.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII
+characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and
+a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-,
+Italian-, Japanese-, Korean- and Polish-language manual pages is provided
+through the <samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter
+ISO country code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell
+LC_MESSAGES variable to the appropriate string.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES
+needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search
+for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-usexports"></a>4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</h2>
+
+<p>
+US laws placed restrictions on the export of defense articles, which includes
+some types of cryptographic software. PGP and ssh, among others, fall into
+this category. For the <em>sarge</em> release packages in this archive were
+moved to the main archive (or to <em>non-free</em>, if applicable) due to the
+US relaxing its regulations on the export of cryptography.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To prevent anyone from taking unnecessary legal risks, certain Debian GNU/Linux
+packages were only available from a non-US site <code><a
+href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/</a></code>,
+with numerous mirror sites all of which are also outside of the US, see
+<code><a
+href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US</a></code>
+for a full list. These sites still exist (for the benefit of users of
+<em>woody</em>) but its contents are no longer supported and are considered
+obsolete. Please remove any mentions to non-US from your sources in your
+<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> configuration file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>4.10 Where is pine?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since
+license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to
+compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the
+<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to
+upgrade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as
+<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Dan J. Bernstein distributes <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all
+software he has written</a></code> with a restrictive license, consequently,
+it's in the non-free area. Since the license he uses does not allow modified
+binaries to be distributed, you have to compile it yourself from the source and
+the Debian patches to obtain a binary package you can install in your Debian
+GNU/Linux system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The source package names are <code>qmail-src</code>, <code>ezmlm-src</code> and
+<code>djbdns-installer</code>, respectively.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For <code>qmail</code> you need to install <code>qmail-src</code> first and
+then run <code>build-qmail</code> to build the Debian package. You also need
+to do install the <code>ucspi-tcp-src</code> package to get ucspi-tcp, which
+<code>qmail</code> depends on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan J. Bernstein maintains a <code><a
+href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from distributors</a></code> page
+if you are interested in reading his reasons (one of which is <code><a
+href="http://cr.yp.to/compatibility.html">Cross-platform
+compatibility</a></code>)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ 4 ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ 11 ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 11 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration
+through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information
+are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to
+programming.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the distribution, i.e. the
+structure and contents of the Debian archive, several design issues of the
+operating system etc. It also includes the technical requirements that each
+package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, and documents the
+basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available
+at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and
+includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian
+GNU/Linux operating system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are
+unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code>
+installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the
+<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of
+the original Unix 'man' files. They are referenced by the section of the 'man'
+directory where they reside: e.g., foo(3) refers to a manual page which resides
+in /usr/share/man/man3/, and it can be called by executing the command:
+<samp>man 3 foo</samp>, or just <samp>man foo</samp> if section 3 is the first
+one containing a page on <samp>foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One can learn which directory of <samp>/usr/share/man/</samp> contains a
+certain manual page by executing <samp>man -w foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system
+commands are not available until they install these packages:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and
+other programs for manipulating the manual pages.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
+languages?, Section 4.8</a>).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU
+tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read
+by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU
+Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext
+system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can
+be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and
+preceded the WWW.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW
+browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective
+packages.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by
+the way of e-mail.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.1"></a>11.2.1 Mailing lists</h3>
+
+<p>
+There are a lot of <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing
+lists</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a
+complete list of mailing lists in
+<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern
+debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user,
+debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send
+mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request at lists.debian.org with the word
+"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add
+<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or
+unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be
+embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you have a forms-capable World Wide Web browser, you can subscribe to
+mailing lists using the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You
+can also un-subscribe using a <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a
+href="mailto:listmaster at lists.debian.org">listmaster at lists.debian.org</a></code>,
+in case you have any trouble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also
+copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or
+search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed
+material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of
+particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail
+addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing
+Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a
+href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>11.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4>
+
+<p>
+When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not send spam. See the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising
+policy</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all
+volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the
+Debian project together.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet
+radio, where swearing is illegal.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your
+(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a
+href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>]
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section
+11.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.2"></a>11.2.2 Maintainers</h3>
+
+<p>
+Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To
+reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to
+<em>xyz at packages.debian.org</em>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.3"></a>11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</h3>
+
+<p>
+Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET
+groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of
+Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the
+<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code>
+and <code><a
+href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to
+Debian:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search
+engine for newsgroups.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers
+for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise
+Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these
+strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add
+<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings
+specifically related to Debian.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a
+href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a
+href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right
+search terms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed
+explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control
+file.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian
+promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social
+Contract</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files
+details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number,
+and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copies of this information are available at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail.
+In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request at bugs.debian.org
+with "help" in the body.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a
+bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file
+<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The
+instructions are in the file
+<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the
+reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra
+details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of
+bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug
+has been reported previously, so that you can additional information to the
+existing bug report.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to mail the report with an e-mail program, send a message to
+<code><a
+href="mailto:submit at bugs.debian.org">submit at bugs.debian.org</a></code>. The
+message's first line must be similar to
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Package: package-name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(replace <var>package-name</var> with the name of the package). The next line
+should relate the package version number in a similar way:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Version: version-number
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The version number for any package installed on your system can be obtained
+using the command line
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -s <var>package-name</var>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This section is referred to as the pseudo-header. The rest of the message
+should contain the description of the bug (please make it moderately detailed),
+the Debian release you are using, and versions of other relevant packages. The
+Debian release number will be displayed by the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ cat /etc/debian_version
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be
+automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and
+forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ 11 ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ 11 ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 11 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration
+through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information
+are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to
+programming.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the distribution, i.e. the
+structure and contents of the Debian archive, several design issues of the
+operating system etc. It also includes the technical requirements that each
+package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, and documents the
+basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available
+at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and
+includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian
+GNU/Linux operating system.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are
+unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code>
+installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the
+<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of
+the original Unix 'man' files. They are referenced by the section of the 'man'
+directory where they reside: e.g., foo(3) refers to a manual page which resides
+in /usr/share/man/man3/, and it can be called by executing the command:
+<samp>man 3 foo</samp>, or just <samp>man foo</samp> if section 3 is the first
+one containing a page on <samp>foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One can learn which directory of <samp>/usr/share/man/</samp> contains a
+certain manual page by executing <samp>man -w foo</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system
+commands are not available until they install these packages:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and
+other programs for manipulating the manual pages.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a
+href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
+languages?, Section 4.8</a>).
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU
+tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read
+by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU
+Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext
+system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can
+be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and
+preceded the WWW.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW
+browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective
+packages.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by
+the way of e-mail.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.1"></a>11.2.1 Mailing lists</h3>
+
+<p>
+There are a lot of <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing
+lists</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a
+complete list of mailing lists in
+<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern
+debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user,
+debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send
+mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request at lists.debian.org with the word
+"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add
+<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or
+unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be
+embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you have a forms-capable World Wide Web browser, you can subscribe to
+mailing lists using the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You
+can also un-subscribe using a <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a
+href="mailto:listmaster at lists.debian.org">listmaster at lists.debian.org</a></code>,
+in case you have any trouble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also
+copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or
+search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed
+material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of
+particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail
+addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing
+Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a
+href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>11.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4>
+
+<p>
+When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not send spam. See the <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising
+policy</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all
+volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the
+Debian project together.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet
+radio, where swearing is illegal.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your
+(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a
+href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>]
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section
+11.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.2"></a>11.2.2 Maintainers</h3>
+
+<p>
+Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To
+reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to
+<em>xyz at packages.debian.org</em>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s11.2.3"></a>11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</h3>
+
+<p>
+Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET
+groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of
+Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the
+<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code>
+and <code><a
+href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to
+Debian:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search
+engine for newsgroups.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers
+for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise
+Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these
+strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add
+<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings
+specifically related to Debian.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a
+href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a
+href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right
+search terms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed
+explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control
+file.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian
+promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the
+<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social
+Contract</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files
+details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number,
+and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copies of this information are available at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail.
+In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request at bugs.debian.org
+with "help" in the body.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2>
+
+<p>
+If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a
+bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file
+<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The
+instructions are in the file
+<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the
+reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra
+details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of
+bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug
+has been reported previously, so that you can additional information to the
+existing bug report.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to mail the report with an e-mail program, send a message to
+<code><a
+href="mailto:submit at bugs.debian.org">submit at bugs.debian.org</a></code>. The
+message's first line must be similar to
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Package: package-name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(replace <var>package-name</var> with the name of the package). The next line
+should relate the package version number in a similar way:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ Version: version-number
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The version number for any package installed on your system can be obtained
+using the command line
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ dpkg -s <var>package-name</var>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This section is referred to as the pseudo-header. The rest of the message
+should contain the description of the bug (please make it moderately detailed),
+the Debian release you are using, and versions of other relevant packages. The
+Debian release number will be displayed by the command
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ cat /etc/debian_version
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be
+automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and
+forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ 11 ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ 8 ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 8 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade
+process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth
+procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process,
+the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible
+problem.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of
+specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5to6upgrade"></a>8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are several ways to upgrade:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using a simple shell script called <samp>autoup.sh</samp> which upgrades the
+most important packages. After <samp>autoup.sh</samp> has done his job, you
+may use dselect to install the remaining packages <em>en masse</em>. This is
+probably the recommended method, but not the only one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Currently, the latest release of <samp>autoup.sh</samp> may be found on the
+following locations:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/">http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/">http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/">http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Following closely the <code><a
+href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html">Debian
+libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO</a></code> and upgrade the most important packages by
+hand. <samp>autoup.sh</samp> is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method
+should work more or less like using <samp>autoup.sh</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using a libc5-based <samp>apt</samp>. APT stands for Advanced Package Tool,
+and it might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a
+command-line interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5
+version in the <samp>dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386</samp> directory at
+the Debian archives.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly
+recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because
+dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT
+works much better and it is safer.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2>
+
+<p>
+One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse
+the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and
+finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
+install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised
+package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another
+package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other
+package is installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so
+quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week.
+This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this
+avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several
+different packages are available for this purpose:
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>8.2.1 aptitude</h3>
+
+<p>
+APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features
+complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other
+unique features, see the User's Guide in
+<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to
+install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux
+systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can
+be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the
+<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade
+to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source
+like this one:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near
+you. See the mirror list at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors">http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors</a></code>
+for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual
+page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To update your system, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+followed by
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
+also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3>
+
+<p>
+<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages,
+and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>.
+Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the
+<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a
+href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 8.2.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+followed by
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
+also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a
+href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 7.1.2</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's
+method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be
+used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also
+<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 7.1.4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>.
+For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an
+upgrade from a local mirror".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them
+kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from
+overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp>
+and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use
+<code>apt-move</code>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-ftp"></a>8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</h3>
+
+<p>
+This is an older access method for <code>dselect</code>. It can be invoked
+from within <code>dselect</code>, thereby allowing a user the ability to
+download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the
+<samp>ftp</samp> access method in <code>dselect</code> (option 0) and specify
+the remote host name and directory. <code>dpkg-ftp</code> will then
+automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of
+<code>dselect</code> or earlier ones).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that, unlike the <code>mirror</code> program, <code>dpkg-ftp</code> does
+not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files
+which you have selected (when first starting up <code>dpkg-ftp</code>), and
+which need to be updated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>dpkg-ftp</code> is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access
+method with ftp:// URLs in <code>sources.list</code> instead.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>8.2.4 mirror</h3>
+
+<p>
+This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called
+<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a
+directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of
+software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file
+called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the
+remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which
+compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only
+changed files.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies
+of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since
+<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.)
+Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files
+names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when
+the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected
+packages.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</h3>
+
+<p>
+dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list,
+which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For
+example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server,
+which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such
+as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or
+totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than
+the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg
+actions in the install method.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a
+<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart
+running process if necessary during a package upgrade.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely
+necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have
+installed the packages, you can remove them from your system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2>
+
+<p>
+Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes
+<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the
+<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+) and the results (e.g.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done
+using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ log /var/log/dpkg.log
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets
+rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be
+achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /var/log/dpkg {
+ missingok
+ notifempty
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the
+<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades
+that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the
+<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session
+within the <code>script(1)</code> program.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ 8 ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
Added: dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html
===================================================================
--- dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html 2007-04-10 08:42:35 UTC (rev 1003)
+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ 8 ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Chapter 8 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date
+</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade
+process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth
+procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process,
+the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible
+problem.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of
+specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-libc5to6upgrade"></a>8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are several ways to upgrade:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using a simple shell script called <samp>autoup.sh</samp> which upgrades the
+most important packages. After <samp>autoup.sh</samp> has done his job, you
+may use dselect to install the remaining packages <em>en masse</em>. This is
+probably the recommended method, but not the only one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Currently, the latest release of <samp>autoup.sh</samp> may be found on the
+following locations:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/">http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/">http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+<code><a
+href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/">http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/</a></code>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Following closely the <code><a
+href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html">Debian
+libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO</a></code> and upgrade the most important packages by
+hand. <samp>autoup.sh</samp> is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method
+should work more or less like using <samp>autoup.sh</samp>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using a libc5-based <samp>apt</samp>. APT stands for Advanced Package Tool,
+and it might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a
+command-line interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5
+version in the <samp>dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386</samp> directory at
+the Debian archives.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly
+recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because
+dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT
+works much better and it is safer.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2>
+
+<p>
+One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse
+the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and
+finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
+install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised
+package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another
+package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other
+package is installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so
+quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week.
+This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this
+avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several
+different packages are available for this purpose:
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>8.2.1 aptitude</h3>
+
+<p>
+APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features
+complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other
+unique features, see the User's Guide in
+<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to
+install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux
+systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can
+be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the
+<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade
+to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source
+like this one:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near
+you. See the mirror list at <code><a
+href="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors">http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors</a></code>
+for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual
+page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To update your system, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+followed by
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ aptitude dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
+also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3>
+
+<p>
+<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages,
+and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>.
+Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the
+<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a
+href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 8.2.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get update
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+followed by
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ apt-get dist-upgrade
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
+also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a
+href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 7.1.2</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's
+method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be
+used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also
+<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 7.1.4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>.
+For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an
+upgrade from a local mirror".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them
+kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from
+overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp>
+and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use
+<code>apt-move</code>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-ftp"></a>8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</h3>
+
+<p>
+This is an older access method for <code>dselect</code>. It can be invoked
+from within <code>dselect</code>, thereby allowing a user the ability to
+download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the
+<samp>ftp</samp> access method in <code>dselect</code> (option 0) and specify
+the remote host name and directory. <code>dpkg-ftp</code> will then
+automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of
+<code>dselect</code> or earlier ones).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that, unlike the <code>mirror</code> program, <code>dpkg-ftp</code> does
+not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files
+which you have selected (when first starting up <code>dpkg-ftp</code>), and
+which need to be updated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>dpkg-ftp</code> is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access
+method with ftp:// URLs in <code>sources.list</code> instead.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>8.2.4 mirror</h3>
+
+<p>
+This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called
+<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a
+directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of
+software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file
+called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the
+remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which
+compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only
+changed files.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies
+of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since
+<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.)
+Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files
+names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when
+the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected
+packages.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</h3>
+
+<p>
+dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list,
+which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For
+example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server,
+which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such
+as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or
+totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than
+the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg
+actions in the install method.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a
+<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart
+running process if necessary during a package upgrade.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2>
+
+<p>
+No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely
+necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have
+installed the packages, you can remove them from your system.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2>
+
+<p>
+Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes
+<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the
+<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+) and the results (e.g.
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done
+using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ log /var/log/dpkg.log
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets
+rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be
+achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ /var/log/dpkg {
+ missingok
+ notifempty
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the
+<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades
+that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the
+<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session
+within the <code>script(1)</code> program.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ 8 ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Footnotes</h1>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major
+flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the
+current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new
+stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those
+directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the
+move would chew up lots of bandwidth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by
+placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called
+"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they
+were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on
+they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat
+confusing to users.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the
+<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>), binary packages began to be
+stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so
+releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the
+mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout
+the development process).
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>,
+<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp>
+corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause
+various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major
+changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by
+programs like <samp>apt</samp>. You may also still see paths containing
+<samp>dists/potato</samp> or <samp>dists/woody</samp> in the Filename header
+field of some older packages.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package
+management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as
+<code>rpm</code>
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they
+actually need to work.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST at lists.debian.org address for
+that.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br>Footnotes</h1>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major
+flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the
+current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new
+stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those
+directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the
+move would chew up lots of bandwidth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by
+placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called
+"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they
+were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on
+they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat
+confusing to users.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the
+<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>), binary packages began to be
+stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so
+releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the
+mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout
+the development process).
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>,
+<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp>
+corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause
+various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major
+changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by
+programs like <samp>apt</samp>. You may also still see paths containing
+<samp>dists/potato</samp> or <samp>dists/woody</samp> in the Filename header
+field of some older packages.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package
+management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as
+<code>rpm</code>
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they
+actually need to work.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST at lists.debian.org address for
+that.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="index"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br></h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document
+provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
+copies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document
+under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
+derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
+this one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into
+another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that
+this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free
+Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimages">2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-floppy">2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">3 Compatibility issues</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5">3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5-compile">3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">4 Software available in the Debian system</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">4.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-usexports">4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">4.10 Where is pine?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5 The Debian FTP archives</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">5.4 What about "sid"?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">5.9 Where is the source code?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">5.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6 Basics of the Debian package management system</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">6.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">6.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">6.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7 The Debian package management tools</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">7.1.1 dpkg</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">7.1.2 APT</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">7.1.3 aptitude</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">7.1.4 dselect</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">7.1.5 Other package management tools</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-libc5to6upgrade">8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">8.2.1 aptitude</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-ftp">8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">8.2.4 mirror</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9 Debian and the kernel</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">11 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.1">11.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.2">11.2.2 Maintainers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.3">11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12 Contributing to the Debian Project</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-security">14.1 Increased security</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">14.2 Extended support for non-English users</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">14.3 More architectures</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">14.4 More kernels</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15 General information about the FAQ</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">15.1 Authors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">15.2 Feedback</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">15.3 Availability</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">15.4 Document format</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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+++ dists/trunk/live-helper/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.html 2007-04-10 08:42:57 UTC (rev 1004)
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
+
+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+
+<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a name="index"></a></p>
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h1>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+<br></h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document
+provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
+copies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document
+under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
+derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
+this one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into
+another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that
+this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free
+Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimages">2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-floppy">2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">3 Compatibility issues</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5">3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5-compile">3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">4 Software available in the Debian system</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">4.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-usexports">4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">4.10 Where is pine?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5 The Debian FTP archives</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">5.4 What about "sid"?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">5.9 Where is the source code?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">5.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6 Basics of the Debian package management system</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">6.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">6.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">6.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7 The Debian package management tools</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">7.1.1 dpkg</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">7.1.2 APT</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">7.1.3 aptitude</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">7.1.4 dselect</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">7.1.5 Other package management tools</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-libc5to6upgrade">8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">8.2.1 aptitude</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-ftp">8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">8.2.4 mirror</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9 Debian and the kernel</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">11 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.1">11.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.2">11.2.2 Maintainers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.3">11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12 Contributing to the Debian Project</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-security">14.1 Increased security</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">14.2 Extended support for non-English users</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">14.3 More architectures</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">14.4 More kernels</a>
+ </ul></li>
+<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15 General information about the FAQ</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">15.1 Authors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">15.2 Feedback</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">15.3 Availability</a></li>
+ <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">15.4 Document format</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
+[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
+[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
+</p>
+
+<address>
+version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
+<br>
+Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
+<br>
+</address>
+<hr>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
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